Reference manager 12 output style for cell cycle
![reference manager 12 output style for cell cycle reference manager 12 output style for cell cycle](https://www.pnas.org/cms/10.1073/pnas.2113704119/asset/ab2f32bb-04fc-4589-b901-04ea73f75372/assets/images/large/pnas.2113704119fig07.jpg)
Global bin average of LPRM SM for each of the four convective regimes (as classified by the method of this study using AIRS) computed at 1☌ intervals of AIRS HI. There was a minimum requirement of 40 observations per grid cell in order for a mean to be calculated. Coverage is limited to the CMORPH extent, or ☖0°N/S. The grid values are computed at 20 J kg −1 × 1☌ grid spacing. Two-dimensional gridded conditional probability plot of mean (a) LPRM SM, (b) CMORPH afternoon-plus-evening rainfall frequency, and (c) CMORPH afternoon-plus-evening rainfall depth in the AIRS CTP–HI space for each of the four convective regimes (as classified by the method of this study using AIRS). For the basins, the following abbreviations were applied: AMU = Amur, CHA = Changjiang (Yangtze), CON = Congo (Zaire), DAN = Danube, GAN = Ganges, MEK = Mekong, M–D = Murray–Darling, and VOL = Volga. Acronyms for the regions are defined in Table A1. (a) AIRS- and (b) MERRA-derived regime compositions for select regions and hydrologic basins. Note that the fractional coverage of land declines approximately from north to south, leaving fewer than 1000 and 500 (1.25°) cells at 15°N and 40°S to constitute this figure, respectively. Zonal composition of convective regimes derived from (a) AIRS and (b) MERRA, as well as (c) their differences (AIRS minus MERRA). On a global basis, 200 ± 118 days contributed to the classification, with a median of 166. The absence of color (i.e., white) indicates an insufficient number ( n < 40) of AIRS retrievals. (c),(d) As in (a)–(b), but using the unmodified classification scheme of F&E2003. (a) AIRS- and (b) MERRA-derived global regime classification for 2002–09 convective seasons, following the classification protocol of this study ( Fig. (b) Example (taken from 35° to 40°N) frequency distributions of AIRS HI and (c) CTP for each of the four convective regime classes (classified using AIRS data) relative to respective zonal distribution (30° to 45°N). (a) CTP–HI convective regime classification protocol designed and implemented in this study. The absence of color (i.e., white) indicates cells with insufficient ( n < 40) AIRS observations. The vertical gray line at HI = 15☌ in (a) represents the previously suggested ( F&E2003) upper threshold of surface influence on the triggering of convection.ĬTP–HI correlation ( τ Kendall) as computed from the (a) AIRS and (b) MERRA datasets, along with (c) the frequency histogram of these correlations globally. Rainfall-screened subsets are limited in extent by the coverage of CMORPH, or ☖0°N/S. Specifically, a decision threshold of 0.001 mm was applied to the CMORPH 1.25° afternoon-plus-evening rainfall. The “R” and “NR” denote the medians of sample subsets conditioned on the occurrence or absence of subsequent afternoon-plus-evening rainfall, respectively. (a) Latitudinal median of AIRS (solid) and MERRA (dashed) HI and (b) CTP. Also, the SM color bar varies by station. Note that the plotting scale on (a) is inconsistent with (b)–(d). The coincident LPRM SM is indicated by shading only for days with afternoon-plus-evening rainfall. The corrections (AIRS HI and AIRS CTP) and corresponding convective seasons are as follows: Desert Rock (+15.3☌, +78 J kg −1, May, Jul, and Aug), Tampa (−1.4☌, +55 J kg −1, Jun–Aug), Albuquerque (−10.2☌, −145 J kg −1, Jun–Sep), and Topeka (−1.5☌, +88 J kg −1, May, Jun, Aug, and Sep). These observations have been bias corrected using coincident radiosonde profiles.
![reference manager 12 output style for cell cycle reference manager 12 output style for cell cycle](https://www.pnas.org/cms/10.1073/pnas.2109547119/asset/a7576870-fc2e-47e7-9a03-3efeecb98e56/assets/images/large/pnas.2109547119fig02.jpg)
Superimposed grid boxes demarcate the classification framework of F&E2003, as also shown in Fig.
![reference manager 12 output style for cell cycle reference manager 12 output style for cell cycle](https://iiif.elifesciences.org/lax/58825%2Felife-58825-fig5-figsupp2-v1.tif/full/,1500/0/default.jpg)
The site classifications according to the method of this study ( Findell and Eltahir 2003b) are as follows: (a) dry advantage (atmospherically controlled), (b) wet advantage (wet advantage), (c) atmospherically controlled (dry advantage), and (d) transitional (transitional). Sample AIRS CTP–HI scatterplots at four radiosonde sites, each located in one of four distinct convective regimes, formatted to match the style of Findell and Eltahir (2003b, their Figs. Note that the months inclusive in the season are not necessarily continuous. Length (months) of convective season over land following from Fig. Monthly global maps of convective season coverage (shaded) over land derived from the AMSR-E rain rate and rain type product. The F&E2003 CTP–HI low framework for categorizing atmospheric profiles into one of four convective regimes: atmospherically controlled, wet soil advantage, dry soil advantage, and transition (reproduced from F&E2003, their Fig.